A NATION IN PERIL UNIT
The Debate over Slavery Clearly the northern states and the southern states were very different societies. Besides their geographies and economies though, there was one more major difference. By 1800, all of the northern states had taken steps to outlaw slavery, while the southern states had kept the practice. The map below of slave and free states from 1860 shows a clear divide between northern free states and southern slave states.
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John Brown
Station 1: John Brown's Raid
John Brown was a radical abolitionist who believed in the violent overthrow of the slavery system. During the Bleeding Kansas conflicts, Brown and his sons led attacks on pro-slavery residents. Justifying his actions as the will of God, Brown soon became a hero in the eyes of Northern extremists and was quick to capitalize on his growing reputation. By early 1858, he had succeeded in enlisting a small “army” of insurrectionists whose mission was to foment rebellion among the slaves. In 1859, Brown and 21 of his followers attacked and occupied the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry. Their goal was to capture supplies and use them to arm a slave rebellion. Brown was captured during the raid and later hanged, but not before becoming an anti-slavery icon. Using the following video clip and documents to the right, answer the questions on the front page of the packet. Station 2: Election of 1860 and Secession The election of 1860 demonstrated the divisions within the United States. The political parties of the decades before 1860 no longer dealt with the issues of 1860. The Whig Party had fallen into disorder and was not a viable political force. The party did not run a candidate for president in 1860. The dominate party of the era was unable to come to a consensus and splintered into two factions. A new party came into politics in the 1850s and was running its second candidate for president in 1860. The divisive nature of the issues in 1860 led to the formation of a fourth party, specifically organized to try and keep the union together. The results of the election for president pushed the nation closer to war. Using the data to the right and the following website, answer the questions on the back of the first page. Station 3: North vs. South The Civil War that raged across the nation from 1861 to 1865 was the violent conclusion to decades of diversification. Gradually, throughout the beginning of the nineteenth century, the North and South followed different paths, developing into two distinct and very different regions. Use the Documents to the right to complete the North South comparison chart Station 4: The Civil War at a Glance Eastern Theater Like a bolt of lightning out of a darkening sky, war burst upon the American landscape in the spring of 1861, climaxing decades of bitter wrangling and pitting two vast sections of a young and vigorous nation against each other. Northerners called it the War of the Rebellion, Southerners the War Between the States. We know it simply as the Civil War. In the East, beginning in the spring of 1861, the cry from Union headquarters was "On to Richmond!" For the next four years a succession of Northern commanders struggled desperately to do just that -- get to Richmond. One well-designed effort in 1862 used the mammoth naval might of the Union to reach the vicinity of the Confederate capital by water routes. The other attempts stubbornly slogged across a narrow central Virginia corridor and sought to disperse tenacious Southern defenders who seemed always to be athwart the path. Confederate successes offered occasional opportunities to take the war north into Maryland and Pennsylvania and to threaten Washington. Both sides came to see the enemy army as the proper goal, and both recognized the obligation of the enemy army to defend its respective capital city against military threats. The consequence was four years of war fought to the death mostly in a relatively small strip of Virginia countryside between Washington and Richmond. When the guns were finally silenced in the spring and early summer of 1865 and the authority of the Federal Government was once again restored, the Union had been permanently scarred. As Mark Twain put it, the war had "uprooted institutions that were centuries old ... transformed the social life of half the country, and wrought so profoundly upon the entire national character that the influence cannot be measured short of two or three generations." Western Theater When the Civil War began, the Confederacy possessed fewer military resources and pursued principally a defensive posture while the Union took a more aggressive role. Northern strategy was directed at keeping the Border States of Kentucky and Missouri (along with Delaware and Maryland in the East) within the Union; starving the South by blockading her coastline from Virginia to Texas; regaining control of the Mississippi; and dividing and subdividing the Confederacy. The Border States were secured by the spring of 1862 and a string of Union victories--Forts Henry and Donelson, Pea Ridge, Shiloh, Island No. 10, and New Orleans--caused many to believe that the Confederacy was finished. The North's blockade of Southern ports to deny the Confederates access to much-needed foreign war material and manufactured goods and to keep them from exporting cotton was slow to take effect. But each year the blockade continued to tighten and more and more Confederate ports fell to Union forces. Union amphibious operations to regain control of the Mississippi River began in 1862 and, although initially thwarted, eventually culminated in Grant's successful Vicksburg Campaign of 1863 and the subsequent fall of Port Hudson. This not only closed down the South's most important commercial waterway; it also severed the Confederacy on a north/south axis. By 1864, with the development of a unified command system, Northern strategy focused on cutting the Confederacy along an east/west axis in order to destroy its food supply and its war-making industrial capacity in the deep South. Sherman's Atlanta Campaign and his subsequent March to the Sea achieved the desired results by the end of the year. By early 1865, with Sherman's troops pushing northward into the Carolinas, it was clear that the days of the Confederacy were numbered. Using the data provided in your packet, graph the following: population, land area, troops, war casualties, the 5 costliest battles, Industrial Production, miles of railroad track, and finances. The complete the questions that follow. Lastly, complete the culture and economies handout. |
Station 1: John Brown's Raid
Station 2: Election of 1860 and Secession
Station 3: North vs. South
Station 4: The Civil War at a Glance Timeline of Major Events 1861: Mar 4 Abraham Lincoln is inaugurated 16th President of the United States Apr 12-13 Bombardment and surrender of Fort Sumter, S.C. Apr 15 President Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers Apr 17 Virginia secedes Jul 21 First battle of Manassas (Bull Run), Va. Jul 27 George B. McClellan takes command of Union Army of the Potomac Oct 21 Battle of Ball's Bluff, Va. 1862: Mar 9 USS Monitor vs CSS Virginia in Hampton Roads, Va. First naval battle between ironclad vessels. Mar 23-Jun 9 Stonewall Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign, Va. Apr 4 McClellan's Army of the Potomac begins advance up the Virginia peninsula toward Richmond Apr 5-May 4 McClellan's Army of the Potomac begins advance up the Virginia peninsula toward Richmond. Apr 6-7 Battle of Shiloh, Tenn. Jun 1 Robert E. Lee assumes command of the Army of Northern Virginia Aug 28-30 Battle of Second Manassas (Bull Run), Va. Aug 29-30 Battle of Richmond, Ky. Sep 14-17 Siege of Munfordville, Ky. Oct 8 Battle of Perryville, Ky. Oct 16-Dec 20 Grant's First Vicksburg Campaign, Miss. Nov 7 Ambrose E. Burnside replaces McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac Dec 11-13 Battle of Fredericksburg, Va. 1863: Jan 1 Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation Jan 26 Joseph Hooker succeeds Burnside as commander of the Army of the Potomac Mar 29-Jul 4 Grant's Second Vicksburg Campaign, Miss
May 10 Stonewall Jackson dies at Guiney's Station, Va. Jun 3-Jul 13 Gettysburg Campaign, Pa. Aug-Sep Chickamauga Campaign, Ga. Nov 19 Lincoln delivers his Gettysburg Address. 1864: May 7-Sep 2 Sherman's Atlanta Campaign, Ga.
Jun 17-18 Battle of Lynchburg, Va. Jun 18-Dec 31 Siege of Petersburg, Va. Aug 7-Oct 19 Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley, Campaign, Va. Nov 8 Lincoln reelected President of the United States. Nov 15-Dec 21 Sherman's Savannah Campaign (March to the Sea), Ga.
1865: Jan 1-Apr 2 Siege of Petersburg continued
Apr 3 US forces occupy Richmond Apr 9 Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House. Apr 14 Lincoln shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater, Washington, D.C. May 23-24 Grand Review of Federal armies in Washington, D.C. |